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egyptian faience
Egyptian faience is a sintered-quartz ceramic displaying surface vitrification which creates a bright lustre of various colours, with blue-green being the most common. Defined as a “material made from powdered quartz covered with a true vitreous coating, usually in a transparent blue or green isotropic glass," faience is distinct from the partly crystalline compound Egyptian blue.〔David Frederick Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art, Early Ancient Glass: Core-Formed, Rod-Formed, and Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire, 1600 BC to AD 50 (Manchester: Hudson Hills Press, 1999), 29.〕 Notably, faience is considerably more porous than glass proper and can be cast in molds to create vessels or objects.〔Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art, Early Ancient Glass, 29.〕 Although not properly pottery, as (until late periods) it contains no clay and instead contains the major elemental components of glass (silica), faience is frequently discussed in surveys of ancient pottery, as in stylistic and art-historical terms objects made in it are closer to pottery styles than Ancient Egyptian glass.
Egyptian faience was very widely used for small objects from beads to small statues, and is found in both elite and popular contexts. It was the most common material for scarabs and other forms of amulet and shabti figures, and used in most forms of Ancient Egyptian jewellery, as the glaze made it smooth against the skin. Larger applications included cups and bowls, and wall tiles, mostly used for temples.〔Peck, William H., "The Material World of Ancient Egypt", 2013, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 1107276381, 9781107276383, (google books )〕 The well-known blue figures of a hippopotamus, placed in the tombs of officials, can be up to 20 cm long,〔(Louvre: Hippopotamus figurine, Department of Egyptian Antiquities ): From the late prehistoric period to the late Middle Kingdom (circa 3800 - 1710 BC) 〕 approaching the maximum practical size for faience, though the Victoria and Albert Museum in London has a faience sceptre from Egypt dated 1427–1400 BC.
==Scope of the term==
It is called "Egyptian faience" to distinguish it from faience, the tin-glazed pottery associated with Faenza in northern Italy.〔Nicholson and Peltenburg 2000. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. In: Nicholson, P.T. and Shaw, I.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 177-194.137–142.〕 Egyptian faience was both exported widely in the ancient world and made locally in many places, and is found in Mesopotamia, around the Mediterranean and in northern Europe as far away as Scotland; the term is sometimes used for the material wherever it was made, and modern scientific analyses are often the only way of deciding this for simple objects such as the very common beads.〔〔Stone and Thomas 1956. The Use and Distribution of Faience in the Ancient East and Prehistoric Europe, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, London 22, 37–84.–142.〕
The above will demonstrate that the term is unsatisfactory in several respects, although clear in an Ancient Egyptian context. Increasingly museum and archaeological usage is rejecting it. The British Museum now calls this material "glazed composition", with the following note in the "information" box on their online collection database: "The term is used for objects with a body made of finely powdered quartz grains fused together with small amounts of alkali and/or lime through partial heating. The bodies are usually colourless but natural impurities give them a brown or greyish tint. Colourants can also be added to give it an artificial colour. It can be modelled by hand, thrown or moulded, and hardens with firing. This material is used in the context of Islamic ceramics where it is described as stonepaste (or fritware). Glazed composition is related to glass, but glass is formed by completely fusing the ingredients in a liquid melted at high temperature. This material is also popularly called faience in the contexts of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Near East. However, this is a misnomer as these objects have no relationship to the glazed pottery vessels made in Faenza, from which the faience term derives. Other authors use the terms sintered quartz, glazed frit, frit, composition, Egyptian Blue, paste or (in the 19th century) even porcelain, although the last two terms are very inappropriate as they also describe imitation gems and a type of ceramic. Frit is technically a flux."〔(Example in the online collection database )〕
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